The Optimist

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The Book of the Week is “The Optimist, Sam Altman, OpenAI, and the Race to Invent the Future” by Keach Hagey, published in 2025.

The Baby Boomers generation of the 1960’s had its Timothy Leary, who was a big advocate of dropping out of school, work and society in general. The goal was to experiment with LSD and other drugs with the hope of becoming more creative.

From the 1990’s into the single-digit 2000’s, computer programmers and Web developers chose to engage in tech startups as their drug. In 2011, Peter Thiel, born in 1967– just around the time Leary’s popularity was waning– also encouraged students to drop out, but awarded them grant money with the hope they would manage successful businesses.

Sam Altman, one such student, was typical for his time and place. Born in 1985, Altman grew up in the Chicago and Saint Louis areas. His philosophy was “Go big or go home.” He never heard the word “impossible.” Beginning in summer 2005, a Boston-area technology consultant called Y Combinator helped startups get started with funding and mentoring. Altman was accepted to this program.

Altman’s first venture was a social-media application eventually called Loopt. The major drawback of its business model was inefficiency. Another was privacy concerns. Years later, the concept was joked about by comedian Aziz Ansari — meeting up with his friends (if they happened to be nearby) by seeing their locations on their electronic devices.

Back in 2006, Loopt had to negotiate separate contracts with multiple, competing cell phone companies across the country. Big Tech had yet to introduce the smart phone, on which the internet would be visible worldwide on one website that Loopt could have had, regardless of which phone service its tech-savvy, young customers subscribed to.

Altman’s peripheral hobby consisted of working to achieve nuclear fusion (not to be confused with the radioactive– carcinogenic!– fission) as a “clean” energy source. Propagandists repeatedly use certain words, such as “clean” in an attempt to reassure people that certain products will do them no harm. The following is just a small sample of other overused, euphemistic words:

  • free (nothing is ever free; someone is always paying for, say, government programs; usually taxpayers);
  • safe (nothing is ever 100% safe; instead, say “low-risk” or “high risk” but never safe);
  • cheaper (everything is expensive; instead, say “less expensive”).

Anyway, fusion is one of those problems that will be solved when enough resources are thrown at it. But even when it gets solved, it is possible such an endeavor isn’t worth doing in the long run, like when chemist Glenn Seaborg proved that alchemy could create gold from bismuth.

At any rate, the author went on a tangent naming the Silicon Valley men who joined the Extropian community, thinking deep thoughts on the mysteries of the universe.

Simply put, AI software applications can replace any kinds of human activities that have mathematics behind them: all games of 100% skill such as chess, some vehicle-operating skills, robotics, medicine, marketing of consumer products, etc. But, AI will never replace, in a completely unbiased way, activities with linguistic-oriented aspects to them: music and art.

Creative works need to be translated into words for AI software to work on them, and the translators (with all their ethnic, religious, cultural, social and political biases) control their interpretation. Besides, in order to take the actions that allegedly improve humans’ lives, AI software must become spyware on everything users do.

The propaganda of American science fiction in popular culture, is no longer:

“Commies are going to infiltrate the world so we must kill them!”

It has become:

“AI is going to infiltrate the world so we must learn to control it via a few thousand alpha males’ brain power, financial power and political power!”

The arrogance is matched only by the title sequence of the TV show, The Outer Limits: “There is nothing wrong with your television set. Do not attempt to adjust the picture. We are controlling transmission. If we wish to make it louder, we will bring up the volume. If we wish to make it softer, we will tune it to a whisper. We will control…”

For decades, the world has seen the ways the United Nations has monitored, and tried to stem conflicts, among diverse peoples. AI presents a similar challenge, as it can globally manipulate human thought and systems.

It is unclear whether the world is ready to sit down at the bargaining table to discuss international cooperation on the future of AI. In the United States, in recent years, waves of propaganda have screamed about:

  • privacy concerns;
  • of various kinds of online crime; and
  • of how psychologically damaging all-day, every-day, staring at, working, playing and communicating through, an electronic toy really is.

The prolonged, forced confinement prompted by the COVID lockdown got anti-social (solitary) behavior out of the country’s system. Influenced by more of the above propaganda, in the future, Americans might be ready to spend less time on their toys, and more time on face-to-face activities, outside.

Read the book to learn about Altman’s career, and the common problems that plague tech startups in the context of the brave new world of AI: bureaucratic shenanigans, hypocrisy, secrecy, conflicts, competition, and regulation (or lack thereof). Hint: It is yet one more worldwide technology project consisting of redistribution of wealth among the wealthy, run by alpha males.

ENDNOTE: Grammar sticklers would take issue with the less than perfect writing in this book. The author made errors commonly seen in books published in recent years in America. She didn’t know what “a.m.” and “p.m.” stood for, and awkwardly put “being” in the middle of sentences, among other minor errors.

Teasing – BONUS POST

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Here’s a song that explains the secrecy of the Trump administrations.

TEASING

sung to the tune of “Grease” with apologies to Frankie Valli, and to whomever else the rights may concern.

Can’t solve the problems of media on-the-Right. They got a, profitable thing. Trump makes it quite a sight.

The co-dependent powers have made it so far. It’s a slow-reveal now, but we know who they are. Teasing the herd.

We know our government is just a growing pain. The media, understand, it’s just a historical game.

Trump goes from secret-deal to secret-deal. We’re biding our time right now. Eventually, the records will-be unsealed. Teasing the herd.

Teasing the herd, with every word, with every word.

Trump’s INFLUence tells us mean is in.

Teasing the viewers, and the listeners, and the readers, now teasing is the way to get ratings.

Trump puts on pressure and they throw away, all morality. Truth’s so yesterday.

The co-dependent powers have made it so far. It’s a slow-reveal now, but we know who they are. Teasing the herd.

Teasing the herd, with every word, with every word.

Trump’s INFLUence tells us mean is in.

Teasing the viewers, and the listeners, and the readers, now teasing is the way to get ratings.

It’s all one big illusion, total control. Makes you confused. That’s what they’re doing here.

Trump puts on pressure and they throw away, all morality. Truth’s so yesterday.

The co-dependent powers have made it so far. It’s a slow-reveal now, but we know who they are. Teasing the herd.

Teasing the herd, with every word, with every word.

Trump’s INFLUence tells us mean is in.

Teasing the viewers, and the listeners, and the readers, now teasing is the way to get ratings.

Teasing the herd, with every word, with every word.

Trump’s INFLUence tells us mean is in.

Teasing the viewers, and the listeners, and the readers, now teasing is the way to get ratings.

Teasing the herd, with every word,

with every word, with every word, with every word, with every word, with every word, with every word, with every word.

Major Noah

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The Book of the Week is “Major Noah, American-Jewish Pioneer” by Isaac Goldberg, published in 1938.

Born in July 1785 in Philadelphia, Mordecai Manuel Noah was raised mostly by his grandfather. In the 1810’s, Noah, George Washington, Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, the governor of Pennsylvania and other “Yankees” (people living in the then-northeastern United States) were expansionists– proposed that the U.S. annex Canada and Florida.

Noah engaged in various profit-seeking pursuits in his lifetime: playwriting, literary criticism, speech-making, newspaper publishing, and international diplomacy. In 1813, he was named Consul on the Barbary coast. His territory included Algeria, Tunisia– where lived about sixty thousand Jews, and Spain. He hopped a ship to get to the Mediterranean. His goal was to stop the activities of pirates in that region, and to negotiate the release of twelve Americans who were then-prisoners of the Algerians.

As is well known, early-nineteenth-century Britain had the world’s best navy; she trained boys seven to twelve years old, in seafaring. In July 1813, a British navy boat captured Noah’s, as the War of 1812 was still raging. There ensued a long, complicated,(and weird!) series of events.

Fast-forward to April 1815. American president James Monroe sent a letter to Noah informing him that he should never have been hired as Consul because he was Jewish; his religion was unfavorable with regard to foreign-service negotiations in northern Africa, so Monroe was firing him as Consul. That letter didn’t get to Noah until July 1815, at which time, Noah was “headed to a dungeon in Tunis.”

Fortunately, the deliverer of the letter, an American commodore, hadn’t read it because it was addressed to only Noah, personally. Bristling and posturing, Noah lied to the commodore in such a way that led him to demand that the British pay his personal debts. After that, Noah “got the hell out of Dodge.” He had actually gone rogue– sort of a cross between Oliver North and Trump’s former attorney Michael Cohen. Upon returning to the United States, he printed his own propaganda to paper over his indiscretions, and used his friends in Congress to exonerate himself.

Noah then went into the newspaper publishing business. In the 1810’s, “American journalism was not yet out of its black period– an orgy of assault, battery, libel, recrimination, accusation, bribery, scurrility, chicanery, such as makes the succeeding development of yellow journalism appear by comparison, a Sunday picnic. Such was indeed, the tradition of journalism in our adolescent United States.”

In 1820, Noah, (actually seeking to profit in real estate), put forth a big idea of purchasing Grand Island, in the city of Buffalo, New York State, to provide a colony for the “wandering Jews” of the world.

Five years later, Noah had sufficient financial backing consisting of other people’s money to start his venture, which he called “Ararat.” He gave himself the titles Governor and Judge of Israel, making announcements in newspapers worldwide. Poland’s government wouldn’t allow Noah’s public notice to be published, as his campaign was perceived as a plot to overthrow the Hapsburg monarchy.

British rabbis to whom Noah gave fancy titles and invited to his new Israel, politely declined his offers of employment, saying they were happy where they were, and that he was undeservedly acting like the Messiah; only God would know the location of apocalyptic Israel. The French and Austrian rabbis weren’t fooled either, and actually called Noah a charlatan.

In the 1830’s, when pressured to explain himself as to why he switched political parties from Democratic to Whig (conservative), he gave the best excuse ever: The party, not he, had changed! His former party had become unprincipled. So in the interest of good conscience, he switched.

Read the book to learn much more about Noah’s philosophy, writings, and machinations.

Secret Aging Man – BONUS POST

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As is well known, the trade war launched by American president Trump is wreaking havoc on the world economically, as he has threatened to retaliate against Russia, Canada, India, Brazil, Mexico, the EU, etc., etc., etc. Meanwhile, he and his cronies are trying to keep his (infinite!) past sins a secret. Here’s a song about all that.

SECRET AGING MAN

sung to the tune of “Secret Agent Man” with apologies to Johnny Rivers, and to whomever else the rights may concern.

Trump’s a man who revels in his power.

His TACO deals keep changing by the hour.

With everything he spouts,

with more people– he’s on the outs.

Odds are, he’s losing his grip on tomorrow.

Secret aging man, secret aging man.

He and his slaves clam up,

as they immortalize his name.

Beware the petty demands that he makes.

A petty king will leave damage in his wake.

If you cross him in any way, big-time, he’ll make you pay.

Odds are, he’s losing his grip on tomorrow.

Secret aging man, secret aging man.

He and his slaves clam up,

as they immortalize his name.

Secret aging man, secret aging man.

He and his slaves clam up,

as they immortalize his name.

At his golf course in Scotland one day,

and then staging a media stunt the next day.

Oh yes, his reign has gone on too long.

Never stop shouting out his wrongs.

Odds are, he’s losing his grip on tomorrow.

Secret aging man, secret aging man.

He and his slaves clam up,

as they immortalize his name.

Secret aging man.

Fight Back and Win

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The Book of the Week is “Fight Back and Win, My Thirty-Year Fight Against Injustice – and How You Can Win Your Own Battles” by Gloria Allred with Deborah Caulfield Rybak, published in 2006.

Allred, a civil-rights attorney, was born in southwestern Philadelphia in July 1941. She wrote about the lessons she learned from her activities, and tried to inspire readers to stick up for themselves if they had been the victims of discrimination. However, her method of settling disputes through the courts is extremely expensive and emotionally wrenching. It was obviously in her best financial interest to promote the launching of lawsuits.

She recounted some of her most famous court cases, many of which involved tabloid-celebrities. She admitted to staging publicity stunts to get attention, thinking they would help her clients. Some people might think the actions she took were unbecoming an attorney. In the United States– the staging and scripting of media events (or non-events but merely pushing propaganda) is nothing new for people from all walks of life who protest perceived injustices.

Jerry Rubin, a member of the “Chicago Eight” spread disinformation just before the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Three TV stations bought his lie and reported on the local news that ten thousand “Yippies” (slang for members of Abbie Hoffman’s Youth International Party) planned to protest-march in the nude at the Convention. The media had visions of naked demonstrators getting their heads bashed in by law enforcement. Indignant letter-writing to Chicago newspapers ensued. Actually, fully-clothed demonstrators got their heads bashed in, and the idiot box and newspapers still got their sky-high fill of viewers and readers.

Political-front groups are nothing new. They are secretly funded by big-money donors who hire a handful of troublemakers who incite violence at street-demonstrations. Most of the people who attend such events are brainwashed into thinking they’re helping make political change, peacefully. They clearly haven’t read their history. They never learn!

Through the decades, street demonstrations alone have never effected significant political change in America. Not even when people died, as happened at “Kent State” in May 1970. The Vietnam war still dragged on and on.

The major historical events during which street-protests have worked (in other countries) include: the French Revolution, the Russian Revolution in 1918 (as seen in the treatment of the Romanovs) and in Romania in 1989 as seen in the treatment of the Ceausescus. Other instances (with ample help from the United States via the CIA), to name a few, include: the Marcoses in the Philippines, Duvaliers in Haiti, and Saddam Hussein in Iraq. There is insufficient room here to elaborate on why, in these cases, citizens who took to the streets, were able to oust their country’s leadership.

Anyway, Allred’s political stunts have largely faded from the public’s memory, to be replaced by more recent ones staged and scripted or incited by the biggest publicity hound in American history, Donald Trump. Despite the number of lawsuits Allred has won against powerful people– even politicians– in her decades representing victims of discrimination, it seems the nation has regressed, because it tolerates Trump’s abuses.

In 1992, there was still a double-standard in connection with racism versus sexual harassment in the workplace. “If he [Oregon Republican Senator Bob Packwood] had racially harassed members of his staff, he would have been forced to resign. Why was it acceptable to sexually harass women?” It took three years to bring him to justice.

Read the book to learn additional details, and about lots of other legal fights in which Allred engaged in her decades-long career.

All the Worst Humans

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The Book of the Week is “All the Worst Humans, How I Made News for Dictators, Tycoons, and Politicians” by Phil Elwood, published in 2024. This short volume was authored by an alcoholic adrenaline-junkie and occasional drug addict who was happiest when he was afforded opportunities to use his creativity to help his clients weasel out of image-trouble, burnish their image, or launch a smear campaign.

Born around 1980, Elwood began to acquire valuable contacts in Washington, D.C. when he did a summer internship in the U.S. Senate. Elwood was pleasantly surprised that, after ruining his own reputation, one such contact wrote a recommendation letter on his behalf to help him get accepted to a different college.

Most of the time, the following publications are the major influencers on breaking news: Associated Press, Reuters, Bloomberg, Politico, Axios, New York Times, Washington Post, and Wall Street Journal. The last three have a paywall– users must subscribe to them, and pay to read their articles. As is well known, in the last several decades, elected officials and their staffs in Washington, D.C., the media, the entertainment industry, Silicon Valley, professional sports and Wall Street have all incestuously melded together to create one big gossip circle. Readers who are no longer willing to pay for news, miss out on the gossip.

The author commented that there are currently a few tens of thousands of people who call themselves “journalists” while there are a few hundreds of thousands of people employed in the public relations industry. Very nearly all (except for this blog!) global communications are now sponsored-opinions, after so many decades of changes to information-sharing. Four of many milestones that set shameful precedents include:

  • In 1963, a journalist broke the taboo against prying into the personal lives of professional athletes when he revealed that Sandy Koufax was adopted. After that, privacy invasion became the norm.
  • In 1982, the New York Times eliminated the firewall between its editorial and advertising departments. Sports Illustrated did the same in the late 1980’s.
  • The year 1984 saw Republicans launch a fishing expedition of, and vicious smear campaign against Democrat vice-presidential candidate Geraldine Ferraro’s husband. Even for modern times, the high level of nastiness was extreme– and Republicans have continued such behavior to date, more than the Democrats.
  • Beginning in the 1980’s, the FCC relaxed its antitrust laws, allowing Rupert Murdoch to create a monster-sized multimedia empire (by purchasing the New York Post newspaper, Twentieth Century Fox, HarperCollins and the Wall Street Journal, to name a few propaganda outlets) with its attendant extremely large concentration of resources that allowed for infinite conflicts of interest that afforded him and his cronies the kinds of growth opportunities that free-market competitors couldn’t possibly hope to match.

To get additional information on how money, power and political hacks have corrupted every aspect of how people find out what’s going on in the world, feel free to read all the posts in this blog’s category “Publishing Industry Including Newspapering.”

Anyway, the author planted the following naive passage in his writing: “Salaries in some newsrooms are going up. Private equity is buying up media companies left and right. Foreign nations are investing heavily, too. Lines of ethics are blurring.” Newsflash: all these trends are decades-old!

Nonetheless, read the book to learn of the author’s adventures in image-management.

Along these lines, here’s a song about yet another downfall of someone once-rich and powerful (brought to you by Elwood-style PR.). This is what the Democrats are singing to the American president, whose name rhymes with “rump” and “dump.”

MIDTERMS-KARMA

sung to the tune of “Instant Karma” (1970 version) with apologies to the Estate of John Lennon and to whomever else the rights may concern.

Midterms-karma is gonna get you.

Gonna flip the states that are Red.

You’ll try to give yourself a pardon.

No one will shut up and take your bread.

All the world has had enough,

laughing behind your back,

all over the earth you’re a TACO.

They know you go low, yeah, low.

Midterms-karma is gonna get you.

A man like you is once-and-always.

Even the “new” Nixon wasn’t the “new” Nixon.

Yours is an open and shut case.

Your sins, the whole world is gonna see.

You’ll be blasting the fools in your GOP.

Everyone on earth knows who you are. A has-been tsar.

Far Right you are.

Well, we all pile on.

Very soon you and your suck-ups will be gone.

Well, we all pile on. Everyone. Come on.

Midterms-karma is gonna get you.

You lay down with dogs, you got fleas.

You know a man is known by,

the company he keeps.

Everyone knows you’re outa here.

You’ve made so many live in pain and fear.

Why are you there, when you should be nowhere?

You got more than your share.

Well, we all pile on.

Very soon you and your suck-ups will be gone.

Well, we all pile on.

Gone and gone and gone, gone and gone.

Yeah, yeah, alright, uh-huh, uh.

Well, we all pile on.

Very soon you and your suck-ups will be gone.

Well, we all pile on.

Gone and gone and gone, gone and gone.

Well, we all pile on.

Very soon you and your suck-ups will be gone.

Well, we all pile on.

Very soon you and your suck-ups will be gone.

Well, we all pile on.

Very soon you and your suck-ups will be gone…

Lunatic Commie Guy – BONUS POST

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Here’s a little ditty on the mayoral race in New York City, about Zohran Mamdani’s situation.

LUNATIC COMMIE GUY

sung to the tune of “Magic Carpet Ride” with apologies to Steppenwolf and to whomever else the rights may concern.

Trump likes to ream Dems out, yes yes

before his sycophantic crowd.

He’s got a stranglehold on the Right. In spades he shows his might.

Getting taxed, he fears.

He wants Mamdani out of there.

Well, you know well, what’s on Trump’s mind.

He tells you to vote against Zohran,

calls him a lunatic Commie guy.

We don’t know well, Mamdani.

He’s got big housing dreams, you see.

But social programs are never free.

Beware of LIES, all. Ask the budget SIZE, all.

Don’t let sound bites get in the way.

Like Dinkins – thirty years ago,

it’s near the end of Adams’ term.

New York City’s candidates’, mayoral campaigns are going low.

Just look around, no detailed plans can be found.

Well, you know well, what’s on Trump’s mind.

He tells you to vote against Zohran,

calls him a lunatic Commie guy.

We don’t know well, Mamdani.

He’s got big housing dreams you see.

But social programs are never free.

Beware of LIES, all. Ask the budget SIZE, all.

Don’t let sound bites get in the way.

Well, you know well, what’s on Trump’s mind.

He tells you to vote against Zohran,

calls him a lunatic Commie guy.

We don’t know well, Mamdani.

He’s got big housing dreams you see.

But social programs are never free.

Compromise – BONUS POST

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Here’s what TACO Trump is singing now.

COMPROMISE

sung to the tune of “Break My Stride” with apologies to Matthew Wilder and to whomever else the rights may concern.

Last week I passed the greatest bill.
I hush up our debt to China.
I’m acting like Reagan kinda.
You’re mesmerized by my good-news mill.
I’ve sold you down the river. Ha ha. And you love me still. Thanks Fox.

I have to backtrack and compromise.
No dirty secret’s gonna slow me down. USA!
Never MIND my flip-flopPING.

I have to backtrack and compromise.
I will reign forever all-around. USA!
Never MIND my flip-flopPING.

My legend is growing.
I hope you forget my past.
With the bragging rights of Ali, I reveal the Democrats’ folly.
You turn to me to solve your problems at last.
I’m the reason why America’s so vast. Thanks Fox.

I have to backtrack and compromise.
No dirty secret’s gonna slow me down. USA!
Never MIND my flip-flopPING.

I have to backtrack and compromise.
I will reign forever all-around. USA!
Never MIND my flip-flopPING.

Never let another nation of the world,

rip us off again.

Never let another nation of the world,

threaten us with anything.

If we see another nation like that,

we will tell them

we won’t put up with you.

It kills-me-to say,

I have to backtrack and compromise.
No dirty secret’s gonna slow me down. USA!
Never MIND my flip-flopPING.

I have to backtrack and compromise.
I will reign forever all-around. USA!
Never MIND my flip-flopPING.

I have to backtrack and compromise.
No dirty secret’s gonna slow me down. USA!
Never MIND my flip-flopPING.

I have to backtrack and compromise.
I will reign forever all-around. USA!
Never MIND my flip-flopPING.

I have to backtrack and compromise.
No dirty secret’s gonna slow me down. USA!
Never MIND my flip-flopPING.

I have to backtrack and compromise.
I will reign forever all-around. USA!
Never MIND my flip-flopPING.

I have to backtrack and compromise.
No dirty secret’s gonna slow me down. USA!
Never MIND my flip-flopPING.

I have to backtrack and compromise.
I will reign forever all-around. USA!
Never MIND my flip-flopPING.

I have to backtrack and compromise.
No dirty secret’s gonna slow me down. USA!
Never MIND my flip-flopPING.

I have to backtrack and compromise.
I will reign forever all-around. USA!
Never MIND my flip-flopPING…

The Spirit Catches You…

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The Book of the Week is “The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, a Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures” by Anne Fadiman, published in 1997. This volume alternately told the story of every last detail of the medical history (too much information!) of a child of the Hmong tribe from the country of Laos, and how the child’s fate was determined by the clash between American and Hmong cultures.

The history of Laos from the 1960’s onward is an infuriating and depressing one. Via their war-orders, American presidents destroyed Laos’ populated areas with land mines, bombs, napalm and agent orange in order to cut off a major North-Vietnam supply route called the Ho Chi Minh trail.

To start with, JFK violated an international agreement that Laos (neighboring Vietnam and Thailand) remain neutral in the event of war in the region; this, by secretly ordering, via the CIA– the recruitment, training and arming of a Hmong guerrilla army (even child-soldiers); at its peak thirty-thousand strong. This militia (consisting of the “Royal Lao”) continued fighting the (Communist) Pathet Lao (who behaved genocidally toward the Hmong), through the LBJ and Nixon administrations. Previously, the Hmongs had been farmers, growing opium-poppies and rice. This expertise of the Hmong, provided “Quiet War” funding.

The Americans’ delivery of rice (terminated in June 1974) kept the peasants from starving to death. When the Vietnam war “ended” in spring 1975, about 150,000 Laotians flooded refugee camps in Thailand (the nearest country that would take them due to funding from the United States and other “democratic” nations).

Long story short, the American government destroyed the Hmongs’ peaceful way of life of agriculture and herding in the mountains of Laos. Thus, some politicians sought to salve their consciences by allowing a few Hmong refugees to come to the United States beginning in May 1975.

Preference was obviously given to the few thousand Laotian military members who had aided the Americans, and thereafter, about 25,000 Hmong arrived through 1980. The Hmong felt a sense of entitlement in collecting American public assistance, because: the CIA broke its promises to aid the Hmong in exchange for their risking their lives to help Americans fight the Vietnam war; and the United States military wrecked their country.

In 1980, the Lee family arrived. Born in July 1982 in California, Lia was the fourteenth child born to the Lees. As a baby, Lia was diagnosed with epilepsy. Even by the late 1980’s, not one tribal member who lived in their community– Merced, CA– spoke the English language. The language barrier plus lots of other cultural differences the Lees had with Merced Community Medical Center, led to many misunderstandings and serious physical consequences for Lia through the years.

The Hmong people perform rituals based on superstitions, beliefs and customs; for, they believe in honoring their ancestors, shamanism and alternative medicine in the form of herbalism and acupuncture. Their humungous families have multi-generational households, and their priorities consist of taking care of their families, then their clan, then their own tribe.

They stick together and their mentality is one of cooperation rather than competition. Here’s an example: “Then Jonas [who speaks five languages and works long hours; an anomalous member of the Hmong tribe in that he was educated and had jobs] drove home [of one residence] to his wife, his three children, his brothers, his brothers’ wives, his brothers’ ten children, and his ringing telephone.”

Read the book to learn much, much more about the cultural clash between the Lees and their American community, some history of Laos, and how, as is typical for war-refugees coming to America, the younger generation of the Hmong tribe is becoming assimilated in this country.